He argues that prehistoric Sapiens were a key cause of the extinction of other human species such as the Neanderthals, along with numerous other megafauna. Harari's main argument is that Sapiens came to dominate the world because it is the only animal that can cooperate flexibly in large numbers. Yet the situation of other animals is deteriorating more rapidly than ever before, and the improvement in the lot of humanity is too recent and fragile to be certain of. In the last few decades we have at least made some real progress as far as the human condition is concerned, with the reduction of famine, plague and war. But did we decrease the amount of suffering in the world? Time and again, massive increases in human power did not necessarily improve the well-being of individual Sapiens, and usually caused immense misery to other animals. We have mastered our surroundings, increased food production, built cities, established empires and created far-flung trade networks. 1543 CE, the emergence of objective science). 34 CE, the gradual consolidation of human political organisations towards one global empire). 10,000 BCE, the development of agriculture). 70,000 BCE, when Sapiens evolved imagination). He divides the history of Sapiens into four major parts: Harari surveys the history of humankind in the Stone Age up to the twenty-first century, focusing on Homo sapiens. The academic discipline of history is the account of cultural change. Harari's work situates its account of human history within a framework: he sees the natural sciences as setting the limits of possibility for human activity and sees the social sciences as shaping what happens within those bounds.
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